83.4% of all statistics are made up on the spot
In a recent post on Copenhagenize by Brian Glover (along with a reply from Mikael), Brian tried to build up a case for pushing cycling as a part of a sexy, high-status lifestyle in order to get more people out on the streets with their bikes. And in this post, he referred to a survey discussed in an earlier post by Mikael that asked cyclists “Why do you choose to bicycle to work?”. While Mikael attacked the options given for the answers (in what I considered to be a rather foolish argument on his part, but that’s another screed), Brian took issues with both the answers and the question. According to him the question should have read:
“Why do you choose to do something that, in the eyes of 95% of your society, marks you as a freak and a loser?”
No one will say this out loud, of course – it’s not polite – but it’s the truth. And no one will answer this question honestly, either, but if they did, the choices would look like this:
A. I am too poor to get around in any other way. I have no choice. I am abject.
B. I have had my rights as a citizen stripped from me because of repeated, unforgivably bad behavior (i.e. drunk driving convictions). I am an outcast and a pariah.
C. I think most mainstream people are idiots, and I actively seek out their disapproval. I am a rebel. If the majority of people around me start biking, I’ll hate that too.
D. I genuinely don’t care what other people think of me. I am an independent thinker. I also have enough job security and social status that I can afford not to care what other people think of me. I am either uncommonly strong, or uncommonly privileged.
Brian then went on to build up his “cycling is perceived as low-class and freakish, we need to make it glamorous and sexy” argument from this claim.
And so in the comments section of the blog, I asked a simple question of Brian, “Could you cite the source of this ‘truthful’ statistic?” Brian, in turn, kindly responded with another blog post, in which he lays out an anecdotal argument that tries to justify his claim. Unfortunately, there’s still noting there that actually supports his original claim.
Brian’s opening line in his reply to my question reads “I don’t know where you’re from, but in the U.S.A., overt harassment of cyclists is a fact of life.” This is one of those vacuously true(-ish) statements that provides no real information. It’s like saying “I don’t know where you’re from, but in Florida, alligators are a fact of life.” They’re there, you can see them, on occasion one even shows up in your yard or your pool. Yet not everyone experiences a gator encounter, some see them more than others, and while they can be dangerous, even fatal, generally speaking it happens less often than the anecdotal evidence would seem to indicate, and you’re still more likely to be killed by your shower.
But anecdotal evidence is all that Brian has to offer in this response. Nowhere in there does he even come close to objectively defending his outrageous claim from the article on Copenagenize. Well, if he wants anecdotal evidence I suppose I can offer mine to him as well and let him factor it in as he sees fit.
I have been cycling on a regular basis for about six years now, and commuting regularly on my bike for about five of those years. In all of that time, I have been overtly harassed a total of three times: once in Albuquerque where a car full of teens was honking their horn behind me then yelled something unintelligible as they passed; once here in the D/FW area which I wrote about here, and one earlier this month by a group of teens in Abbeville, Louisiana while I was out riding in the Tour du Rouge. Of course, in that time, I’ve also been hooted at (in a good way) by women in cars twice, and given thumbs-up, words of encouragement, or other positive comments dozens of times. And on top of that I’ve been passed by easily tens of thousands of cars who registered no opinion whatsoever on the subject (go read David Alison’s blog post again, I’ll wait). And just for good measure, I’ll add that I’ve been honked at, yelled at, and given the finger far more times while driving my car than riding my bike.
If I were to form an opinion of drivers’ opinions of cyclists from this it would be that drivers are overwhelmingly neutral towards cyclists, with a small fraction pro-cyclist, and a smaller fraction still anti-cyclist. And while I guess this is the way things would trend in a study, I sure as hell wouldn’t present my assumption as an objective truth without some sound study or set of studies backing it. And that’s what I’m asking of Brian (and really everyone else out there).
Anyway, I don’t want this to sound like I’m disagreeing with everything Brian has to say, he does have some good points. I think it would be helpful to show cycling in a more high-status, sexier manner, and I do think that it would help to raise the image of cycling (though again, I’d guess it would go from overwhelmingly neutral to slightly positive and hopefully, later, positive). But I also agree with Mikael that it should be portrayed as quicker and easier than driving (which it can be, but is far from always being — again, a different screed).
Of course I disagree with both of them in that I feel that portraying cycling as fun is also very important. Really, any marketing campaign (or collection of campaigns) needs to be multifaceted. Look at beer commercials or car commercials, different commercials capture different aspects of their products. Beer is fun, beer attracts sexy women and good looking men, beer is cold and refreshing, beer can be upscale, beer can reflect the values of the working man, beer is consumed by the world’s most interesting man and the crowds that hang out with him. Cars on the other hand are fun to drive, and they attract sexy women and good looking men, and they are of great utility, and they are luxurious, and they are sporty, and they allow you to get away from it all, and they are tough, and they are safe. Cars are what get you to and from the party (where there will no doubt be beer), and get the kids to and from school, and they tow your boat, carry your groceries, haul your tools, and now with the spread of hybrid cars, they help you save the environment. Is there any reason that bikes can’t be all of that? OK, OK, they have a much smaller advertising budget, but still, multiple views can be presented.
Anyway, before I drift too far off of the core topic, I want to address Brian’s closing bit of his response to me: “I’d love to see a decent psychologist do a study of this stuff, but as far as I know it’s never been done. Dave Horton is doing some interesting work, though. And I’ll bet you a new bike that that when that study does happen, it supports my conjecture. Whaddaya say, sport?”
Well, Brian, I honestly don’t know what conjecture you’re talking about here, so you’d really have to clarify, but if you’re stating that you think a properly constructed, unbiased study would show that anywhere close to 95% of Americans think that riding a bike to work marks you as a freak and a loser, then I’d be more than willing to put up the donation of a Kona Africabike or similar to some charity to be distributed to a worthy recipient, and I have a lot of things that my money could be better spent on than buying a new bike for someone else.
Bike Friendly Oak Cliff
Bike Friendly Richardson
Hi, WDN.
Now, come on — you seem like a smart guy (I say that literally), so I’m pretty sure you can see that the “95%” statistic is obviously hyperbolic. Of course it was made up on the spot, and the tone presented it as such. I did not in any way present it as “an objective truth.” (Actually, the entire idea of objectivity in cultural matters is pretty suspect, but that too is another screed.) The entire tone and method of my piece said, pretty clearly, “this is a subjective observation.” So, let me spell out how the figurative language works:
Vehicle = “95%”
Tenor = “the dominant values embedded in the culture.”
Vehicle = “the truth”
Tenor = “the truth as I see it”
Clear enough?
But, subtleties of rhetoric aside, I’ll stand by my assertion that a significant majority of Americans is significantly uncomfortable with the idea of transportation cycling because it violates several key unspoken norms of their culture. They are not neutral — in a binary system of norms, there’s no such thing as neutral. Something is either normal or it’s not. Now, I agree with you that most people would say that they’re neutral. In any culture, most people cannot articulate the rules by which the culture operates — because those rules themselves are what they use to make sense of the world. That’s how culture works. If you ask people why they themselves don’t ride bikes, for instance, they’ll say they’re concerned about safety, but that’s not what’s really going on. It’s much the same as asking white people why they won’t buy a house in a predominantly black neighborhood; they’ll say that they’re concerned about the property values, or the school district. And that’s probably what they consciously believe. Yet, while the statement is not a lie, it’s far from the whole truth. Very few people consciously define themselves as racists, but that doesn’t mean that most people aren’t made uncomfortable by race; very few people consciously articulate the values of a car culture, but that doesn’t mean that they haven’t incorporated them into their lives. People tell the truth with their dollars and their behinds, and it’s clear that most of them are invested in a normality that’s entirely based around the car as the default way to move oneself. Anything else is identified as weird. It’s just like the way many white people will always identify the race of a non-white person, even if it’s irrelevant to the topic at hand (”I was talking to this Mexican guy at the DMV, and…”), but never do the same thing for another white person. There’s normal, and there’s not-normal.
How do we get this way? Years and years of enculturation. Here are a few of the key norms that Americans are brought up with in the car culture, and which bike transport violates:
1. Adult identity. In most parts of the U.S., getting a car is THE big coming-of-age ritual. A driver’s license is THE standard proof of adult identity. People are trained from birth to view cars as central parts of themselves. Bikes, then, are coded as childish, and those who fall on the wrong side of that binary opposition provoke anxiety and ridicule. I’m sure you could find a million (note: hyperbole again) illustrations in popular culture, but the one that’s coming to mind most immediately is the Justin Bateman character on “Arrested Development,” who rides a bike as a sign of his, well, arrested development. Also the Chris Elliot character on “Get a Life.” Don’t even get me started on Pee Wee Herman. People only make jokes about the cultural norms that actually matter to them — sex and ethnicity (and, for small kids, defecation) are the big standards, but wherever there’s a joke, there’s a norm that people are genuinely freaked out about. I say this not to be humorless — I’m a fan of all three shows I just mentioned — but to point out that all jokes proceed from anxiety. Transportation biking, for many people, raises serious anxiety about their own identities. If an adult can get around without a car, then geez, what other deeply-held norms might be wrong? Who the hell am I, anyway?
2. Public space. In suburbia, people are trained to put the private home ahead of all else. Public space is viewed as dangerous. In my city, for instance, many people were opposed to a new greenway because they thought it would necessarily lead to women being raped. If they could, this faction would get rid of all public parks. Shared space = violence and danger, so if you must enter into the public space of the road, you need to isolate yourself from that danger in a car. On a bike, you interact with strangers at a pace where you can actually see each other’s faces and espressions. Many people find that interaction threatening. To top it off, when you’re on a bike you signal with your arms and communicate with the position of your body. People get very freaked about other people looking at their bodies in public. Anyone who chooses this form of transport violates norms of how the body should be displayed. (Where’s Walt Whitman when we need him?)
3. Exposure. In the dominant culture, exposure to weather is bad. Most offices and many homes are maintained at exactly the same temperature year-round; people increasingly wear the same clothes year-round. On a bike, you have to acknowledge the atmosphere around you. Freaky, freaky, freaky.
I could go on, but I think you get my point. I’m with Lévi-Strauss: cultures work through binary oppositions, inclusions and exclusions.
I’ll be on vacation and largely away from the Internet for most of June, but will be interested to pick this up with you when I get back.
Take it easy,
Brian
OK, I’m back. So?
Incidentally, while I’m still suspicious of most studies of this type, you might want to have a look at:
Jensen, Jeffrey Arnett. “Conceptions of the Transition to Adulthood: Perspectives From Adolescence Through Midlife.” _Journal Of Adult Development_ 8:2 (2001).
Arnett teaches in the Psychology department at UVA and the article is available on his website: http://www.jeffreyarnett.com/articles.htm
He asked Americans in several different age groups what they considered to be the threshold of adulthood. While “getting a driver’s license” wasn’t one of the top criteria, it came in remarkably high — above marriage, or having children! Clearly, people really do put cars at the center of their notions of identity. Obviously, all the statistical caveats hold here. But if you’re looking for a suggestive study, here you go.
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